Reimaging internationalization in higher education in the post-COVID era
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32674/jbrjx260Keywords:
internationalization, higher education, student mobility, international students, post-COVID eraAbstract
This study explores the internationalization of student mobility at higher education institutions (HEIs), specifically in the post-COVID era. The opportunities and challenges in the internationalization of student mobility for non-degree-seeking students are examined through a systematic literature review (SLR) using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework. During and after the pandemic, HEIs worldwide have faced major challenges in reimplementing internationalization within student mobility. The objective of this study is to employ the matrix system of Webster and Watson (2002) to categorize the identified literature. Facilitating the identification of essential columns that are considered indispensable in the post-COVID era. The findings of these studies provide a foundation for further research approaches and offer recommendations and implications to support HEIs in developing strategies to increase the number of international students at the international level.
References
Abdullah, D., & Singh, J. K. N. (2022). Reclaiming international student mobility in a post-pandemic world. In E. J. Valeau, R. L. Raby, & U. Gaulee (Eds), Shaping a Humane World through Global Higher Education: Pre-Challenges and Post-Opportunities during a Pandemic (Pp. 47-52). STAR Scholars.
Amaro, D., Caldeira, A. M., & Seabra, C. (2024). Exploring Higher Education Mobility through the Lens of Academic Tourism: Portugal as a Study Case. Sustainability, 16(4), 1359. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16041359 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su16041359
Ashida, A., & Ishizaka, H. (2022). Effects of changing from on-site to online distance classes on graduate students’ help-seeking: Lessons for sustainable teaching and learning from the COVID-19 pandemic. Asia Pacific Education Review, 23(4), 653–667. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-022-09783-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-022-09783-4
Bans-Akutey, A., & Tiimub, B. M. (2021). Triangulation in Research. Academia Letters. https://doi.org/10.20935/AL3392 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20935/AL3392
Barrios-Ipenza, R., Calvo-Mora, A., Roldán, J. L., & Ayala, R. M. (2024). Quality assessment of graduate services: Kano model application to a Peruvian university. Quality in Higher Education, 30(3), 446–467. https://doi.org/10.1080/13538322.2024.2326235 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13538322.2024.2326235
Bathilla, M., Hui, X., Faculty of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China, skcxh@swu.edu.cn, Oben, A. I., & Faculty of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China, isaacoben@yahoo.com. (2022). Is the Internationalization of Higher Education at Risk? Covid-19 Pandemic and Online Learning of International Students. International Journal of Instruction, 15(4), 983–700. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2022.15437a DOI: https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2022.15437a
Beneitone, P. (2023). How to Analyse the Level of Internationalisation of Curriculum at Argentine Universities: A Model for Reflection and Implementation. Journal of Studies in International Education, 27(5), 779–797. https://doi.org/10.1177/10283153221121389 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/10283153221121389
Bhatara, T., & Khanna, P. (2024). Rationales behind international students’ not selecting India as an education destination – An empirical investigation. Research in Globalization, 9, 100247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resglo.2024.100247 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resglo.2024.100247
Binah-Pollak, A., & Yuan, S. (2022). Negotiating identity by transnational Chinese students during COVID-19. China Information, 36(2), 180–199. https://doi.org/10.1177/0920203X211065013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0920203X211065013
Bruhn-Zass, E. (2022). Virtual Internationalization to Support Comprehensive Internationalization in Higher Education. Journal of Studies in International Education, 26(2), 240–258. https://doi.org/10.1177/10283153211052776 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/10283153211052776
Brunner, L. R. (2025). International student mobility and the politics of distance education. British Journal of Educational Technology, 56(2), 870–889. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13543 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13543
Butum, L. C., Nicolescu, L., & Stan, S. O. (2022). Developing Global Competences via University Internationalization Activities—A Comparative Analysis of Business Students’ Opinions before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis. Sustainability, 14(21), 14581. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114581 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114581
Charoensap-Kelly, P., & Punyanunt-Carter, N. (2023). Renewing pedagogical research and practices: Helping international students succeed post-COVID-19. International Journal of Communication, 17(15), 602-616. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/20107/4013
De Wit, H. (2020). Internationalization of Higher Education: The Need for a More Ethical and Qualitative Approach. Journal of International Students, 10(1), i–iv. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v10i1.1893 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v10i1.1893
De Wit, H., & Altbach, P. G. (2021). Internationalization in higher education: Global trends and recommendations for its future. Policy Reviews in Higher Education, 5(1), 28–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322969.2020.1820898 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23322969.2020.1820898
De Wit, H. (2023). Internationalization in Higher Education: Critical Reflections on Its Conceptual Evolution. International Higher Education, (115), 14–16. Retrieved from https://ejournals.bc.edu/index.php/ihe/article/view/16779 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47335-7_2
De Wit, H., DeLaquil, T., Hazelkorn, E., & Coates, H. (2025). Mind the policy gaps: Regulating quality and ethics in digitalised and privatised cross-border education. Policy Reviews in Higher Education, 9(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322969.2025.2472516 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23322969.2025.2472516
Di Pietro, G., & Perez-Encinas, A. (2025). The effect of COVID-19 on international student credit mobility: A gravity model approach. Education Economics, 33(1), 76–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/09645292.2023.2297151 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09645292.2023.2297151
Einfalt, J. (2024). Reconceptualising how to internationalise-at-home: Using dialogue to stimulate intercultural capacity within university students. Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice, 21(04). https://doi.org/10.53761/74crka18 DOI: https://doi.org/10.53761/74crka18
Fedorchenko, Y., Zimba, O., Gulov, M. K., Yessirkepov, M., & Fedorchenko, M. (2024). Medical Education Challenges in the Era of Internationalization and Digitization. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 39(39), e299. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2024.39.e299 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2024.39.e299
Gultekin, O. (2025). Navigating the intersection of international politics and international education: A historical and contemporary analysis. Journal of International Students, 15(2), 25–48. https://doi.org/10.32674/4vqsg045 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32674/4vqsg045
Hamada, I., & Iwasaki, S. (2024). Assessing benefits: A comparative evaluation of English-Japanese online intercultural exchanges (OIE) before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Language Learning Journal, 52(5), 487–505. https://doi.org/10.1080/09571736.2024.2369920 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09571736.2024.2369920
Hong, B., Bista, K., & Timmons, P. (2025). Mapping the scholarship on international students: A systematic review of past publication to the Journal of International Students (2011–2024). Journal of International Students, 15(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.32674/sfwrch85 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32674/sfwrch85
Ivan, O.-R., Bercuci, L., Chitez, M., Rogobete, R., & Dinca, A. (2022). Making international mobility student-friendly: A linguistically embedded assessment of higher education internationalisation strategies. 8th International Conference on Higher Education Advances (HEAd’22), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.4995/HEAd22.2022.14635 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4995/HEAd22.2022.14635
Jadrić, I., Miletić, Đ., & Ćosić, A. (2022). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on international students’ perception ofservice quality (Case study of the University of Split). Ekonomski Vjesnik, 35(1), 177–190. https://doi.org/10.51680/ev.35.1.14 DOI: https://doi.org/10.51680/ev.35.1.14
Kafarski, K., & Kazak, J. K. (2022). Erasmus Staff Mobility in the Building of a European Network: The Case of a Central European University. Sustainability, 14(9), 4949. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14094949 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14094949
Keshishi, N., Seal, A., Jicha, K., Gaustad Shantz, B., & Slovic, A. D. (2023). Attempts to Replicate the Skills, Attributes and Capabilities Associated with International Mobility in an Online World: A Case Study. Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice, 20(4). https://doi.org/10.53761/1.20.4.11 DOI: https://doi.org/10.53761/1.20.4.11
Kor, P. P. K., Yu, C. T. K., Triastuti, I. A., Sigilipoe, M. A., Kristiyanto, H. D., Pratiwi, J. P. D., Perdamaian, T. K., Li, L. M., Pang, P. C. P., & Widagdo, T. M. M. (2022). Effects of an internationalization at home (IAH) programme on cultural awareness among medical and nursing students in Hong Kong and Indonesia during the COVID-19 pandemic: A mixed-methods study. BMC Medical Education, 22(1), 368. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-022-03424-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1187682/v1
Koris, R., Mato-Díaz, F. J., & Hernández-Nanclares, N. (2021). From real to virtual mobility: Erasmus students’ transition to online learning amid the COVID-19 crisis. European Educational Research Journal, 20(4), 463–478. https://doi.org/10.1177/14749041211021247 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/14749041211021247
Kumi‐Yeboah, A., Kim, Y., Mohammed, Z., & Amponsah, S. (2025). Addressing the role of technology in internationalization at a distance: Voices of students’ in international distance learning from Ghana—sub‐Saharan Africa. British Journal of Educational Technology, 56(2), 890–908. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13552 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13552
Larran, J., & Hein, S. (2025). A Survey Study of Bhutanese School Guidance Counselors’ Roles, Responsibilities, Challenges, and Resources. Psychology in the Schools, pits.23418. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.23418 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.23418
Lazareva, A., Ivashenko Amdal, I., Breistein Danielsen, K., & Danbolt Drange, E.-M. (2022). Internationalization of Teacher Education During COVID-19. In M. E. Auer, H. Hortsch, O. Michler, & T. Köhler (Eds.), Mobility for Smart Cities and Regional Development—Challenges for Higher Education (Vol. 389, pp. 311–321). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93904-5_32 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93904-5_32
Lee, K., & Mao, Y. (2025). Rethinking internationalisation at a distance from the perspectives of international students: Critical reflection towards epistemic justice. British Journal of Educational Technology, 56(2), 815–833. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13550 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13550
Legusov, O., Jafar, H., & Bégin-Caouette, O. (2022). International Students at Canadian Community Colleges: Emerging Trends. Journal of International Students, 13(3). https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v13i3.5019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v13i3.5019
Li, X., Dai, K., & Zhang, X. (2024). Transnational Higher Education in China: Policies, Practices, and Development in a (Post-)Pandemic Era. Higher Education Policy, 37(4), 761–778. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41307-023-00328-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41307-023-00328-x
Mairal, R. (2023). What should the university of the future look like? On the Horizon: The International Journal of Learning Futures, 31(1), 62–70. https://doi.org/10.1108/OTH-08-2022-0050 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/OTH-08-2022-0050
Masalimova, A. R., Khvatova, M. A., Chikileva, L. S., Zvyagintseva, E. P., Stepanova, V. V., & Melnik, M. V. (2022). Distance Learning in Higher Education During Covid-19. Frontiers in Education, 7, 822958. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.822958 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.822958
Matsieli, M., & Mutula, S. (2024). COVID-19 and Digital Transformation in Higher Education Institutions: Towards Inclusive and Equitable Access to Quality Education. Education Sciences, 14(8), 819. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14080819 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14080819
Meline, T. (2006). Selecting Studies for Systemic Review: Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria. Contemporary Issues in Communication Science and Disorders, 33(Spring), 21–27. https://doi.org/10.1044/cicsd_33_S_21 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1044/cicsd_33_S_21
Minaeva, E., & Taradina, L. (2022). Internationalization in Russian universities during the pandemic of COVID‐19: Lessons for succeeding in the new reality. Higher Education Quarterly, 76(2), 293–310. https://doi.org/10.1111/hequ.12387 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/hequ.12387
Miranda, F. J., & Chamorro-Mera, A. (2024). Virtual Teams in the University: A Critical Literature Review and A Research Agenda. Marketing and Management of Innovations, 15(1), 195–209. https://doi.org/10.21272/mmi.2024.1-15 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21272/mmi.2024.1-15
Moeller, B. A. (2025). Outbound student mobility in Japan nose-dived. Why does the government claim it went up? Japan Forum, 37(2), 228–253. https://doi.org/10.1080/09555803.2025.2457448 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09555803.2025.2457448
Mok, K. H., & Montgomery, C. (2021). Remaking higher education for the post‐COVID‐19 era: Critical reflections on marketization, internationalization and graduate employment. Higher Education Quarterly, 75(3), 373–380. https://doi.org/10.1111/hequ.12330 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/hequ.12330
Mok, K. H., & Zhang, Y. (2022). Remaking international higher education for an unequal world. Higher Education Quarterly, 76(2), 230–246. https://doi.org/10.1111/hequ.12366 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/hequ.12366
Novoselova, O. V. (2023). Virtual Internationalization at Universities: Opportunities and Challenges. In F. Roumate (Ed.), Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education and Scientific Research (pp. 59–77). Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8641-3_5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8641-3_5
OECD. (2025). International Student Mobility https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/international-student-mobility.html
Oggel, G., Aibar, C. P., & Fildjokic, M. (2022). The Power of Virtual Exchange as an Overarching Tool to Unify Language, Culture, and Communication: International Journal of Computer-Assisted Language Learning and Teaching, 12(3), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJCALLT.307060 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/IJCALLT.307060
Orsini-Jones, M. (2023). Virtual Exchange as a Transformational Third Space for English Language Teacher Education: Discussing Project ViVEXELT. International Journal of Computer-Assisted Language Learning and Teaching, 13(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJCALLT.334712 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/IJCALLT.334712
Ou, A. W., Gu, M. M., & Lee, J. C.-K. (2024). Learning and communication in online international higher education in Hong Kong: ICT-mediated translanguaging competence and virtually translocal identity. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 45(5), 1732–1745. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2021.2021210 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2021.2021210
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
Peng, J., & Dervin, F. (2024). ‘Inter-ideologicality’ in intercultural communication education: Co-constructing criticality around the concept of culture in international online student mobility. Frontiers in Communication, 9, 1409851. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2024.1409851 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2024.1409851
Qu, M., & Song, X. (2024). We have to change; they stay the same: A qualitative study of Chinese international students’ academic experiences at an Australian university. Journal of International Students, 14(3), 171–191. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v14i3.6466 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v14i3.6466
Rivza, B., & Teichler, U. (2007). The Changing Role of Student Mobility. Higher Education Policy, 20(4), 457–475. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.hep.8300163 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.hep.8300163
Roshid, M. M., & Ibna Seraj, P. M. (2023). Interrogating higher education’s responses to international student mobility in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Heliyon, 9(3), e13921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13921 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13921
Sahasrabudhe, S., Yeravdekar, V., & Neelam, N. (2022). The Importance of Internationalization on ‘Academics and Research’ parameters for Ranking of Universities after Covid-19. CARDIOMETRY, (23), 797–806. https://doi.org/10.18137/cardiometry.2022.23.797806 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18137/cardiometry.2022.23.797806
Sarkis-Onofre, R., Catalá-López, F., Aromataris, E., & Lockwood, C. (2021). How to properly use the PRISMA Statement. Systematic Reviews, 10(1), 117, s13643-021-01671-z. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-021-01671-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-021-01671-z
Scholkmann, A., Olsen, D. S., & Wollscheid, S. (2024). Perspectives on disruptive change in higher education. A critical review of digital transformation during COVID-19. Higher Education Research & Development, 43(6), 1355–1369. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2024.2325140 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2024.2325140
Siddaway, A. P., Wood, A. M., & Hedges, L. V. (2019). How to Do a Systematic Review: A Best Practice Guide for Conducting and Reporting Narrative Reviews, Meta-Analyses, and Meta-Syntheses. Annual Review of Psychology, 70(1), 747–770. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102803 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102803
Sin Soo, H., Abdul Aziz, S., Din, B., & Anuar, N. K. (2024). Short-term Virtual Mobility Program: Student’s Experiences and Perceptions. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 32(3), 856–873. https://doi.org/10.47836/pjssh.32.3.03 DOI: https://doi.org/10.47836/pjssh.32.3.03
Singun, A. (2025). Unveiling the barriers to digital transformation in higher education institutions: A systematic literature review. Discover Education, 4(1), 37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44217-025-00430-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s44217-025-00430-9
Skokauskas, N., Aleksic, B., Moe, M., Rayamajhi, D., & Guerrero, A. (2023). Internationalization of higher medical education in the post-COVID-19 era. Medical Education Online, 28(1), 2202459. https://doi.org/10.1080/10872981.2023.2202459 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10872981.2023.2202459
Sun, Y., Li, N., Hao, J. L., Di Sarno, L., & Wang, L. (2022). Post-COVID-19 Development of Transnational Education in China: Challenges and Opportunities. Education Sciences, 12(6), 416. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12060416 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12060416
Tsymbal, L., & Kalenyuk, I. (2023). DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE GLOBAL EDUCATION MARKET. Baltic Journal of Economic Studies, 9(5), 266–274. https://doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2023-9-5-266-274 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2023-9-5-266-274
Udah, H., & Francis, A. (2022). Vulnerability and Well-Being: International Students’ Experience in North Queensland, Australia. Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education, 14(5), 171–196. https://doi.org/10.32674/jcihe.v14i5.3942 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32674/jcihe.v14i5.3942
Wang, X., & Sun, X. (2022). Higher Education During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Responses and Challenges. Education as Change, 26. https://doi.org/10.25159/1947-9417/10024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.25159/1947-9417/10024
Webster, J., & Watson, R. T. (2002). Analyzing the Past to Prepare for the Future: Writing a Literature Review. MIS Quarterly, 26(2), xiii–xxiii. JSTOR. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/4132319
Welch, A. (2022). COVID Crisis, Culture Wars and Australian Higher Education. Higher Education Policy, 35(3), 673–691. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41307-022-00265-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41307-022-00265-1
Woicolesco, V. G., Cassol-Silva, C. C., & Morosini, M. (2022). Internationalization at Home and Virtual: A Sustainable Model for Brazilian Higher Education. Journal of Studies in International Education, 26(2), 222–239. https://doi.org/10.1177/10283153221076898 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/10283153221076898
Wu, A., Choi, E., Diderich, M., Shamim, A., Rahhal, Z., Mitchell, M., Leask, B., & DeWit, H. (2022). Internationalization of Medical Education—Motivations and Formats of Current Practices. Medical Science Educator, 32(3), 733–745. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40670-022-01553-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40670-022-01553-6
Xu, Y., Wang, X., Wu, J., Xiao, S., & Chen, B. (2023). Negotiating the temporal and spatial complexities: Chinese international students’ learning experience at home during the COVID-19. Higher Education Research & Development, 42(7), 1776–1791. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2023.2192463 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2023.2192463
Yang, Q., Shen, J., & Xu, Y. (2022). Changes in International Student Mobility amid the COVID-19 Pandemic and Response in the China Context. Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, 15(1), 23–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40647-021-00333-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40647-021-00333-7
Yang, X., & Li, T. (2024). Impacts of Different Internationalization Modes on the Global Competence of Chinese University Students. ECNU Review of Education, 7(4), 945–970. https://doi.org/10.1177/20965311241256363 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/20965311241256363
Yue, Y., De Souza, D., & Townsin, L. (2023). No human mobility: How is knowledge mobile in a context of internationalisation at a distance? a case study. Higher Education Research & Development, 42(5), 1165–1181. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2023.2216643 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2023.2216643
Zhang, Y., & Zhu, Y. (2022). Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Chinese Higher Education: A Reflection upon International Student Support. Journal of International Students, 12(S1), 118–124. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v12iS1.4612 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v12iS1.4612
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Sina Heidtke

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0












